Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций
Шрифт:
Continuous (muscular, somatic) capillaries are formed by a single uninterrupted layer of endothelial cells rolled up into the shape of a tube and can be found in locations such as connective tissue, muscle, and nerve.
Fenestrated (visceral) capillaries are characterized by the presence of pores in the endothelial cell wall. The pores are covered by a thin diaphragm (except in the glomeruli of the kidney) and are usually encountered in tissues where rapid substance interchange occurs (e. g., kidney, intestine, endocrine glands).
Sinusoidal capillaries can be found in the liver, hematopoietic and lymphopoietic organs, and in certain endocrine glands. These tubes with discontinuous endothelial walls have a larger diame ter than other capillaries (up to 40 mm), exhibit irregular cross-sec tional profiles, have more tortuous paths, and often lack a con tinuous basal lamina. Cells with phagocytic activity (macrophages) are present within, or just subjacent to, the endothelium.
New words
capillaries –
to thin-walled – окруженный тонкой стеной
narrow-diameter – узкий диаметр
low-pressure – низкое давление
that – тот
generally – главным образом
permit – разрешение
easy – легкий
diffusion – распространение
cross-sectional – поперечный
to be composed – быть составленным
simple – простой
endothelium – эндотелий
lining – выравнивание
entire – весь
vas cular – сосудистый
underlying – лежащий в основе
basal – основной
lamina – тонкая пластинка
Правила употребления артикля с географическими названиями.
Определенный артикль употребляется перед названиями рек, каналов, морей, заливов, проливов, океанов, архипелагов, горных цепей.
Артикль не употребляется перед названиям озер, гор, островов, континентов, городов, стран. Исключения:
the United States of America
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland the Netherlands the Ukraine the Crimea the Congo
Answer the questions.
1. Describe capillaries: how do they like?
2. What diameter do the most capillaries have?
3. What are the capillaries composed of?
4. Where are the capillaries attached to?
5. What are pericytes?
6. What do pericytes contain?
7. Where can pericytes be involved?
8. Where can sinusoidal capillaries be found?
9. What diameter have sinusoidal capillaries?
10. With help of what are continuous (muscular, somatic) capillaries formed by?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 20. Veins
Veins are low-pressure vessels that have larger lumina and thinner walls than arteries. In general, veins have more collagenous connec ti-ve tissue and less muscle and elastic tissue than their arterial coun ter-parts. Although the walls of veins usually exhibit the three layers, they are much less distinct than those of the arter ies. Unlike arteries, veins contain one-way valves composed of exten sions of the intima that prevent reflux of blood away from the heart. Veins can be divided into small veins or venules, medium veins, and large veins.
Venules are the smallest veins, ranging in diameter from approxi mately 15-20 mm (post-capillary venules) up to 1-2 mm (small veins). The walls of the smaller of these are structurally and func tio-nally like those of the capillaries; they consist of an endothelium surrounded by delicate collagen fibers and some pericytes. In those vessels of increased diameter, circularly arranged smooth muscle cells occur surrounding the intima layer, but unlike in the small arteries, these cells are loosely woven and widely spaced. Venules are important in inflammation because their endothelial cells are sensitive to his-tamine released by local mast cells. This causes endothelial cells to contract and separate from each other, exposing a naked basement membrane. Neutrophils stick to the exposed collagen and extravasate (i. e., move out into the connective tissue). Histamine also causes local arterioles to relax, affect ing a rise in venous pressure and increased leaking of fluid. This produces the classic signs of inflammation: redness, heat, and swelling.
Medium veins in the range of 1-9 mm in diameter have a well – developed intima, a media consisting of connective tissue and loosely organized smooth muscle, and an adventitia (usually the thickest layer) composed of collagen bundles, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle cells oriented along the longitudinal axis of the vessel. Venous valves are sheet-like outfoldings of endothelium and underlying connective tissue that form flaps to permit unidi rectional flow of blood.
Large veins, such as the external iliac, hepatic portal, and vena ca-vae, are the major conduits of return toward the heart. The intima is similar to that of medium veins. Although a network of elastic fibers may occur at the boundary between the intima andmedia, a typical internal elastic membrane as seen in arteries is not present. A tunica media may or may not be present. If pre sent, smooth muscle cells are most often circularly arranged. The adventitia is the thickest layer of the wall and consists of elastic fibers and longitudinal bundles of collagen. In the vena cava, this layer also contains well-developed bundles of longitudinally oriented smooth muscle.
New words
vein –
венаlow-pressure – низкое давление
to have – иметь
collagenous – коллагеновый
elastic – упругий
although – хотя
walls – стенкы
coun terparts – копии
unlike – в отличие от
exten sions – расширения
intima – интима
to prevent – предотвратить
reflux – рефлюкс
sheet-like – подобный листу
inflammation – воспламенение
because – потому что
longitudinal – продольный
flaps – откидные створки
external – внешний
iliac – подвздошный
hepatic – печеночник
Запомните следующие застывшие словосочетания:
To have a good time From _ morning till night All _ day long
A lot of
Перед названиями университетов артикль не употребляется.
E. g. I shall study at _ St. Petersburg University.
My grandfather graduated from _ Oxford University
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. Did you have… good time in the country?
2. Oh yes… weather was fine.
3. We were out of… doors from… morning till… night.
4. We played… football,… volley-ball and… other games.
5. We саше… home late at… night and went to… bed at once.
6. Look at… clock! It is… quarter past ten. Go to… bed at once.
7.. sun rises in.east and sets in. west.
8. We spent last summer in. Ukraine.
9. We often went to. wood and gathered lot of… mushrooms.
10. My friend likes to play… chess. He is ready to play… chess all… day long.