В поисках памяти

15. Биологические основы индивидуальности

Обсуждение работ Гельмгольца, посвященных бессознательным умозаключениям, основано на материалах следующих публикаций: С. Frith, Disorders of cognition and existence of unconscious mental processes: An introduction,in: E. Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science,5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, forthcoming); R. M. Warren 81 R. P. Warren, Helmholtz on Perception: Its Physiology and Development(New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1968); R. J. Herrnstein 81 E. Boring, eds., A Source Book in the History of Psychology(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965), особенно стр. 189–193; R. L. Gregory, ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), стр. 308–309.

Об Эббингаузе см.: Н. Ebbinghaus, Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology,trans. H. A. Ruger & C. E. Bussenius (New York: Teacher’s College/Columbia University, 1913); оригинал опубликован на немецком в 1885 году.

О структурных изменениях в нервной системе аплизии см.:

С. Н. Bailey & М. Chen, Long-term memory in Aplysia modulates the total number of varicosities of single identified sensory neurons,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988): 2373–2377; C. H. Bailey &M. Chen, Time course of structural changes at identified sensory neuron synapses during long-term sensitization in Aplysia,J. Neurosci. 9 (1989): 1774–1780; С. Н. Bailey & E. R. Kandel, Structural changes accompanying memory storage,Annu. Rev. Physiol. 55 (1993): 397–426.

Другие сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:

Cajal, S. R. The Croonian Lecture: La fine structure des centres nerveux.Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. В 55 (1894): 444–467.

Dudai, Y. Memory from A to Z.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Duncan, C. P. The retroactive effect of electroshock on learning.J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 42 (1949): 32–44.

Ebert, Т., C. Pantev, C. Wienbruch, B. Rockstroh, and E. Taub. Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players.Science 270 (1995): 305–307.

Flexner, J. B., L. B. Flexner &E. Stellar. Memory in mice as affected by intracerebral puromycin.Science 141 (1963): 57–59.

Jenkins, W. М., M. M. Merzenich. M. T. Ochs, T. Allard 81 E. Guic-Robles. Functional reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkeys after behaviorally controlled tactile stimulation.J. Neurophysiol. 63 (1990): 83–104.

16. Молекулы и кратковременная память

О механизмах работы циклического АМФ в целом см.: R. J. DeLange, R. G. Kemp, W. D. Riley, R. A. Cooper & E. G. Krebs. Activation of skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase by adenosine triphosphate and adenosine 3’, 5’ — monophosphate.J. Biol. Chem. 243, no. 9 (1968): 2200–2208; E. G. Krebs, Protein phosphorylation and cellular regulation, Iin: Les Prix Nobel (The Nobel Prizes), ed. Nobel Foundation (Stockholm: Almquist &Wiksell International, 1992); T. W. Rail & E. W. Sutherland, The regulatory role of adenosine 3’,5 ’ — phosphate.Cold SpringHarborSymp., Quant. Biol. 26 (1961) 347–354; A. E. Gilman, Nobel lecture. G Proteins and regulation of adenylyl cyclase,Biosci. Reports 15 (1995): 65–97; P. Greengard, The neurobiology of dopamine signaling,in: Les Prix Nobel (The Nobel Prizes), ed. Nobel Foundation, 262–281 (Stockholm: Almquist &Wiksell International, 2000).

О работе циклического АМФ в нервной системе аплизии: см. J. Н. Schwartz, V. F. Castellucci &E. R. Kandel, Functioning of identified neurons and synapses in abdominal ganglion of Aplysia in absence of protein synthesis,J. Neurophysiol. 34 (1971): 939–953;

H. Cedar, E. R. Kandel, and J. H. Schwartz, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nervous system of Aplysia californica: Increased synthesis in response to synaptic stimulation.J. Gen. Physiol. 60 (1972): 558–569; M. Brunelli, V. Castellucci & E. R. Kandel, Synaptic facilitation and behavioral sensitization in Aplysia: Possible role of serotonin and cyclic AMP.Science 194 (1976): 1178–1181; V. F. Castellucci, E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, F. D. Wilson, A. C. Nairn &P. Greengard. Intracellular injection of the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase simulates facilitation of transmitter release underlying behavioral sensitization in Aplysia.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 11 (1980): 7492–7496.

О работе циклического АМФ в нервной системе дрозофилы см.: S. Benzer, Behavioral mutants of Drosophila isolated by counter current distribution,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58 (1967): 1112–1119; D. Byers, R. L. Davis & J. R. Kiger Jr., Defect in cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase due to the dunce mutation of learning in Drosophila melanogaster,Nature 289 (1981): 79–81; Y. Dudai, Y. N. Jan, D. Byers, W. G. Quinn 81 S. Benzer. Dunce, a mutant of Drosophila deficient in learning.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, no. 5 (1976): 1684–1688.

Другие сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:

Castellucci, V. & E. R. Kandel. Presynaptic facilitation as a mechanism for behavioral sensitization in Aplysia.Science 194 (1976): 1176–1178.

Dale, N. & E. R. Kandel. L-glutamate may be the fast excitatory transmitter of Aplysia sensory neurons.Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993): 7163–7167.

Jacob, F. The Possible and the Actual.New York: Pantheon, 1982; приведенная цитата — стр. 33–35.

Jacob, F. The Statue Within.Translated by F. Philip. New York: Basic Books, 1988.

Kandel, E. R. Cellular Basis of Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neurobiology.San Francisco: Freeman, 1976.

Kandel, E. R., M. Klein, B. Hochner, M. Shuster, S. Siegelbaum, R. Hawkins, D. Glanzman, V. F. Castellucci & T. Abrams. Synaptic modulation and learning: New insights into synaptic transmission from the study of behavior.In: Synaptic Function, ed. G. M. Edelman, W. E. Gall 81 W. M. Cowan, 471–518. New York: John Wiley 81 Sons, 1987.

Kistler, H. B. Jr., R. D. Hawkins, J. Koester, H. W. M. Steinbusch, E. R. Kandel 81 J. H. Schwartz. Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive cell bodies and processes in the abdominal ganglion of mature Aplysia.J. Neurosci. 5 (1985): 72–80.

Kriegstein, A., V. F. Castellucci 81 E. R. Kandel. Metamorphosis of Aplysia californica in laboratory culture.Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71 (1974): 3654–3658.

Kuffler, S. 81 J. Nicholls. From Neuron to Brain: A Cellular Approach to the Function of the Nervous System.Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1976.

Siegelbaum, S., J. S. Camardo & E. R. Kandel. Serotonin and cAMP close single K+ channels in Aplysia sensory neurons.Nature 299 (1982): 413–417.

17. Долговременная память

О дневной и ночной науке Франсуа Жакоб пишет в своей книге: