Регионы в современном мире: глобализация и Азия. Зарубежное регионоведение
Шрифт:
Lokshin G. M. Strategicheskoe sopernichestvo Kitaja s SShA v Juzhno-Kitajskom more // Jugo-Vostochnaja Azija: aktual’nye problemy razvitija. Tom I, No 2 (43), 2019. S. 55–73. (in Russ.)
Mosyakov D. V. (2019) Global’naja transformacija Tihookeanskoj Azii i Rossii/ Institut stran Vostoka, Institut vostokovedenija RAN. M., 2019. 390 s. (in Russ.)
Mosyakov D. V., Shpakovskaja M. A. Kitaj pereigryvaet SShA v otnoshenijah s ASEAN// Jugo-Vostochnaja Azija: aktual’nye problemy razvitija. Tom II, No 3 (40), 2018. S. 6–11. (in Russ.)
Pon’ka T. I., Bel’chenko A. S., Trusova A. A. Dvuhvektornyj podhod KNR k razresheniju territorial’nyh sporov v Juzhno-Kitajskom more // Vestnik RUDN. Serija Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija. 2017 Vol. 17. No. 3. S. 518–529. (in Russ.)
Sokolov A. A. Vysshee obrazovanie V’etnama: formy integnacio6nali- zacii // V’etnamskie issledovanija. 2017. Vypusk 1. S. 212–224. (in Russ.)
Terskih M. A., Narhova E. I. O v’etnamo-kitajskih torgovo-jekonomi- cheskih svjazjah // Jugo-Vostochnaja Azija: aktual’nye problemy razvitija. Vypusk XHH (No 30, 2016). S. 125–133. (in Russ.)
Shpakovskaja M. A., Nguen T. N. Z., Kuklin N. S. Vseob#emljushhee strategicheskoe partnerstvo Socialisticheskoj Respubliki V’etnam i Rossijskoj Federacii: osnova, soderzhanie i principy // Jugo-Vostochnaja Azija: aktual’– nye problemy razvitija. Tom I, No 2 (43), 2019. S. 173–181. (in Russ.)
Shpakovskaja M. A. Kurylev K. P. Kuklin N. S. Rossija, V’etnam i kontury
Schneier E. Structured Strategic Partnership Handbook. Lulu publishing. 2018. P. 41. 179 (in English)
CHan V. T. Xu hng mi d^oi tac thay cho lien minh quan s (Novaja tendencija: strategicheskoe partnerstvo vmesto voennogo sojuza). [Jelektronnyj resurs]. URL:(in Vietnam.)
Contemporary Sino-Myanmar Relations: Dilemma of Letpadaung Taung Copper Mine Project
Since Myanmar was opened to the world in 2011 local and international environmental activists tried to criticize the Chinese megaprojects in Myanmar. Letpadaung Taung Copper Mine Project is one of the huge Beijing investments in the Myanmar Military government era. The lack of corporate social and environmental responsibility on behalf of the Myanmar Wanbao Company created an intolerable situation for the residents. The only Letpadaung project became a center of international dispute and a dilemma of Sino-Myanmar relations similar to Chinese mega-projects in Myanmar. It happened because the late Myanmar Military government finalized all significant Chinese investments’ agreements before they transferred country power to the civilian administration in the mid of 2010.
This condition has led to a nation-wide movement after local intermediary administrators used Phosphorus bombs to destroy the activists’ camp near the project area in November 2012. President Thein Sein founded the “Letpadaung Taung Investigation Commission” and requested Myanmar’s democracy icon and opposition leader Aung Sann Su Kyi to lead the commission. However, Aung Sann Su Kyi did not receive a warm welcome from the local people and even faced aggressive sentiment on her field trip.
Beijing became concerned with its major construction projects in Myanmar since Myanmar-Sino relations rapidly degraded after the suspension of the Myitsone Dam in late 2011. This article investigates the factors of rising anti-Chinese persuasion in Myanmar and describes the problems connecting with the Letpadaung Taung Copper Mine Project.
Keyword: Letpadaung Taung Copper Mine, Chinese Investments, Wanbao, Sino-Myanmar relations.
В данной статье проанализированы факторы роста антикитайских настроений в Мьянме, связанные с медным рудником Летпадаунг Таунг.
С тех пор как Мьянма открылась для внешнего мира в 2011 г., местные и зарубежные активисты в сфере экологии неоднократно пытались критиковать китайские добывающие проекты на территории этой страны.
Медный проект Летпадаунг Таунг – одна из самых значительных инвестиций Пекина в эпоху военного правительства Мьянмы. Отсутствие корпоративной социальной и экологической ответственности со стороны компании Myanmar Wanbao Company создало невыносимые условия для жителей окружающих территорий.
В результате этого между местной администрацией и активистами «зеленого» движения возник серьезный конфликт. В ноябре 2012 г. разногласия между административным корпусом и населением переросли в вооруженные столкновения, в ходе которых для уничтожения протестующих были применены фосфорные бомбы. В ответ на это президент Тейн Сейн основал «Комиссию по расследованию инцидента на Летпадаунг Таунг» и обратился к представителю демократического движения Мьянмы и лидеру оппозиции Аун Сан Су Чжи с просьбой возглавить ее. Однако Аун Сан Су Чжи не получила поддержки от местных жителей и даже столкнулась с агрессивными настроениями во время поездки в пострадавшие районы.
Ключевые слова: медный рудник Летпадаунг Таунг, китайские инвестиции, Ваньбао, синомьянманские отношения.
Introduction
In March 2011, Myanmar started its new chapter by shifting from authoritarian to democratic state. Myanmar people received opportunities to express their opinion on government projects, especially for joint investments with Chinese companies. After President Thein Sein suspended Myitsone Dam General Project by listening to his fellow citizens’ demand, another one, Letpadaung Copper Mine project emerged as the next step of the antiChinese investments in that time. On the other hand, there were invisible thorns in the two countries’ asymmetric economic relations such as Myitsone Dam project, Kyaut Phyu Deep Sea port project. Therefore, the dilemmas of the Sino-Myanmar relations became acquired tense and even confrontational character.
Looking from a global perspective, China is an influential neighboring country for Myanmar. Myanmar could not neglect Beijing’s role in the world and its policies on East Asia and the Southeast Asian region. Therefore, this article stands out from the existing body that advocated the literatures pushing of Myanmar to forge close ties with Western World and the US more than China.
Methodology
Previous studies have reported the locals’ opinions on Chinese megaprojects after Myanmar democracy transition is opened by Lauren Decicca 68 . However, he did not pay attention to the daily life of locals after the project’s commencement [Lauren Decicca, 2015]. Atsuko Mizumo focuses on details of Letpadaung Copper Mine Project connecting with Myanmar’s China policy 69 . Although he has researched Chinese Mine investments in Myanmar and their development, it is still necessary to do in-depth research on the Chinese interests in their project [Atsuko Mizumo, 2016].
68
Lauren Decicca. In the Shadow of Letpadaung: Stories from Myanmar’s Largest Copper Mine // National Resource Governance Institute, 2015.
69
Atsuko Mizumo. Economica Relations Between Myanmar and China // JICA Research Institute, 2016.