Происхождение альтруизма и добродетели. От инстинктов к сотрудничеству

D. A. 1995. Reciprocal altruism between male vampire bats, desmodus rotundus. Animal Behaviour 49:855-6.

65 Cheney, D. L & Seyfarth, R. M. 1990. How monkeys see the world. Chicago University Press, Chicago.

66 Trivers, R. L. 1971. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57.

Глава 4

67 P. Бартон (R. Barton), личное общение.

68 Dunbar, R. 1996. Grooming, gossip and the evolution of language. Faber and Faber, London.

69 Heinsohn, R. & Packer, C. 1995. Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions. Science 269:1260-62.

70 Martinez-Coll, J. C. & Hirshleifer, J. 1991. The limits of reciprocity. Rationality and Society 3:35–64.

71 Binmore, K. 1994. Game theory and the social contract. Том I: Playing Fair. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

72 Badcock, C. 1990. Three fundamental fallacies of modern social thought. Sociological Notes, №. 5. Реплики судьи процитировал Лайелл Уотсон (Lyall Watson). См. Financial Times от 15 июля 1995.

73 Недавно ученые разработали пространственную версию дилеммы заключенного. Результаты проведенных игр подтвердили действенность стратегии «Око за око». См. Hutson, V.C.L. & Vickers, G.T. 1995. The spatial struggle of tit-for-tat and defect. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London В 348:393–404. Ferriere, R & Michod, R.

E. 1995. Invading wave of cooperation in a spatially iterated prisoner’s dilemma. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London В 259:77–83.

74 Nowak, M. A., May, R. M. & Sigmund, K. 1995. The arithmetics of mutual help. Scientific American 272:50–55.

75 Boyd, R. 1992. The evolution of reciprocity when conditions vary. B: Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals (под ред. Harcourt, A. H. & de Waal, F. В. M.). Oxford University Press, Oxford.

76 Kitcher, P. 1993. The evolution of human altruism. Journal of Philosophy 90:497–516.

77 Frank R. H., Gilovich, T. & Regan D. T. 1993. The evolution of one-shot cooperation. Ethology and Sociobiology 14:247-56.

Глава 5

78 Barrett, P. H., Gantrey, P. J., Herbert, S., Kohn, D. & Smith, S. (ред.) 1987. Charles Darwin’s Notebooks, 1836–1844. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

79 Friedl, E. 1995. Sex the invisible. American Anthropologist 96:833-44. Частичным исключением из этого правила является угандийское племя Ик: из-за голода его представители скрытничают во всем, что касается еды. См. Turnbull, С. 1972. The mountain people. Simon and Schuster, New York.

80 Fiddes, N. 1991. Meat: a natural symbol. Routledge, New York.

81 Galdikas, B. 1995. Reflections of Eden: My life with the orangutans of Borneo. Victor Gollancz, London.

82 Stanford, C. B., Wallis, J., Mpongo, E. & Goodall, J. 1994. Hunting decisions in wild chimpanzees. Behaviour 131:1-18. Tutin, C. E. G. 1979. Mating patterns and reproductive strategies in a community of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6:29–38.

83 Hawkes, K. 1995. Foraging differences between men and women. B: The archeology of human ancestry (под ред. Steele, J. & Shennan, S.). Routledge, London.

84 Ridley M. 1993. The red queen: sex and the evolution of human nature. Viking, London.

85 Kimbrell, A. 1995. The masculine Mystique. Ballantine Books, New York.

86 Economist, 5 марта 1994, с. 96.

87 Berndt, C. H. 1970. Digging sticks and spears, or the two-sex model. B: Woman's role in aboriginal society. Australian Aboriginal Studies, No. 36 (под ред. Gale, F.). Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. Megarry, T. 1995. Society in prehistory. Macmillan, London.

88 Steele, J. & Shennan, S. (ред.) 1995. The archeology of human ancestry. Routledge, London.

89 Bennet, М. K. 1954. The world's food. Harper and Row, New York. Также см. Fiddes, N. 1991. Meat: a natural symbol. Routledge, New York.

90 De Waal, F. В. M. 1989. Food sharing and reciprocal obligations among chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 18:433-59.

91 Hill, K. & Kaplan, H. 1989. Population and dry-season subsistence strategies of the recently contacted Yora of Peru. National Geographic Research 5:317-34.

92 Winterhaider, B. 1986. Diet choice, risk and food sharing in a stochastic environment. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5:369-92.

Глава 6

93 Дальнейшее развитие фантазия о гегемонии травы получила в книге Найджела Калдера (Nigel Calder) Timescale: an atlas of the fourth dimension. 1984. Chatto and Windus, London.

94 Leakey, R. E. 1994. The origin of humankind. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.

95 Guthrie, R. D. 1990. Frozen Fauna of the mammoth steppe: the story of blue babe. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Zimov, S. A., Churprynin, V. I., Oreshko, A. P., Chapin, F.S., Reynolds, J. F. & Chapin, M. C. 1995. Steppe-tundra transition: a herbivore-driven biome shift at the end of the Pleistocene. American Naturalist 146:765 — 94.

96 Farmer, M. F. 1994. The origin of weapon systems. Current Anthropology 35:679 — 81. К. Кеклер (С. Keckler): интервью.

97 Hawkes, К. 1993. Why hunter-gatherers work: an ancient version of the problem of public goods. Current Anthropology 34:341 — 61.

98 Blurton-Jones, N. G. 1987. Tolerated theft, suggestion about the ecology and evolution of sharing, hoarding and scrounging. Social Science Information 26:31–54.

99 Hill, K. & Kaplan, H. 1994. On why male foragers hunt and share food. Current Anthropology 34:701 — 6.

100 Winterhaider, B. 1996. A marginal model of tolerated theft. Ethology and Sociobiology 17:37–53.