Щебечущая машина

Больше, но все равно очень мало. . Peter Beaumont, ‘The truth about Twitter, Facebook and the uprisings in the Arab world’, Guardian, 25 February 2011.

Печально известный эксперимент c «эмоциональным заражением». . Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory and Jeffrey T. Hancock, ‘Experimental evidence of massive– scale emotional contagion through social networks’, PNAS, 111 (24), 2014, pp. 8788–8790.

На площади Тахрир союз исламистов. . Atef Shahat Said, ‘The Tahrir Effect: History, Space, and Protest in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011’, University of Michigan, 2014.

Сокращение расходов на организацию. . Thomas Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place, Oxford University Press: New York, 2013, p. 28.

И, как показал анализ Паоло Гербаудо. . Paolo Gerbaudo, The Digital Party, Pluto Press: London, 2019, pp. 25–6.

Другой вербовщик отвечал на Ask.fm на вопросы. . Laurie Segall, ‘ISIS recruiting tactics: Apple pie and video games’, CNN, 30 September 2014; Wendy Andhika Prajuli, ‘On social media, ISIS uses fantastical propaganda to recruit members’, The Conversation (www.theconversation.com), 4 December 2017.

К 2014 году, когда батальоны смерти иракского правительства. . Martin Chulov, ‘Isis: the inside story’, Guardian, 11 December 2014; Michael Weiss and Hassan Hassan, ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror, Regan Arts: New York, 2016; Patrick Cockburn, The Rise of the Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution, Verso: London and New York, 2016, pp. 42–5.

По оценкам, к февралю 2015 года в Twitter ежедневно. . James P. Farwell, ‘The Media Strategy of ISIS’, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 56:6, 2014, pp. 49–5; Ben Makuch, ‘ISIS’s Favorite Hashtag Is a Weapon of War’, Motherboard (www.motherboard.vice.com), 27 June 2014; Emerson T. Brooking and P. W. Singer, ‘War Goes Viral’, The Atlantic, November 2016; Emerson T. Brooking and P. W. Singer, LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: Boston, MA, 2018.

Большинство роликов, скорее всего, снял. . Majid Alfifi, Parisa Kaghazgaran, James Caverlee and Fred Morstatter, ‘Measuring the Impact of ISIS Social Media Strategy’, MIS2: Misinformation and Misbehavior Mining on the Web (workshop), Los Angeles, CA, 2018; Matt Broomfield, ‘Twitter Shuts Down 125,000 Isis– Linked Accounts’, Independent, 6 February 2016; Lisa Blaker, ‘The Islamic State’s Use of Online Social Media’, Military Cyber Affairs: The Journal of the Military Cyber Professionals Association, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2015; Jason Burke, ‘“Gangsta jihadi” Denis Cuspert killed fighting in Syria’, Guardian, 19 January 2018.

Как бы то ни было, ИГИЛ прославилось. . Laura Ryan, ‘Al– Qaida and ISIS Use Twitter Differently. Here’s How and Why’, National Journal (wwwnationaljournal.com), 9 October 2014; Kyle J. Greene, ‘ISIS: Trends in Terrorist Media and Propaganda’, International Studies Capstone Research Papers, 3, 2015.

За первые полгода американских бомбардировок. . ISIS drawing steady stream of recruits, despite bombings’, Associated Press, 11 February 2015; Aya Batrawy, Paisley Dodds and Lori Hinnant, ‘Leaked Isis documents reveal recruits have poor grasp of Islamic faith’, Independent, 16 August 2016.

Согласно проведенным опросам, 7 % британцев. . Madeline Grant, ‘16 % of French Citizens Support Isis, Poll Finds’, Newsweek, 26 August 2014.

Twitter не строил камеры пыток. . ‘Iraq torture “worse after Saddam”’, BBC News, 21 September 2006; Terrence McCoy, ‘Camp Bucca: The US prison that became the birthplace of Isis’, Independent, 4 November 2014; Neal McDonald, ‘Iraqi reality– TV hit takes fear factor to another level’, Christian Science Monitor, 7 June 2005.

На самом же деле силы противника составляли всего две тысячи джихадистов. . Ned Parker, Isabel Coles and Raheem Salman, ‘Special Report: How Mosul fell – An Iraqi general disputes Baghdad’s story’, Reuters, 14 October 2014; Matt Sienkiewicz, ‘Arguing with ISIS: web 2.0, open source journalism, and narrative disruption’, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35:1, 2018, pp. 122–35; Steve Rose, ‘The Isis propaganda war: a hi– tech media jihad’, Guardian, 7 October 2014.

На одном из этапов их даже просили размещать в сетях видео с флагом. . Greene, ‘ISIS: Trends in Terrorist Media and Propaganda’.

В 2015 году Альберто Фернандес. . Alberto M. Fernandez, ‘Here to stay and growing: Combating ISIS propaganda networks’, The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World, U.S.-Islamic World Forum Papers 2015, October 2015; Richard Forno and Arnupam Joshi, ‘How U.S. “Cyber Bombs” against Terrorists Really Work’, The Conversation, 13 May 2016.