Английский язык. Практический курс для решения бизнес-задач

2. In Rem – a court has power if a particular piece of property is in the state.

3. Consent – when a contract specifies in which state any disputes are settled. The contract can specify a third state in which neither party does business.

Just because a case is heard by a particular state court does not mean that that state’s laws apply. The states whose laws are used can be specified in the contract. One state’s court can hear a case under another state’s laws.

Lifecycle of a Lawsuit.

In the beginning phase of a lawsuit, there is a complaint, followed by the defendant’s answer in which he or she tries to counter everything in the claim. The defendant then may file a counterclaim. Counterclaims are lawsuits within a lawsuit in which the defendant files a claim against the plaintiff. There then may be a preliminary motion, of which the outcome can be dismissed due to no legal claim based on reading the complaint, or a summary judgment in which a decision can be based on the facts of the case that are not in dispute.

The middle phase of a lawsuit is the discovery phase in which each side attempts to determine how strong their case is. The discovery phase consists of interrogations, depositions and admissions. By this point, most cases are settled.

The end phase of a lawsuit is the trial, beginning with a pre-trial conference in which the parties attempt to settle in front of a judge without going to court. The trial then proceeds with the evidence and then a judgment and possibly a post-judgment. The post-judgment may be that a new trial is necessary, such as in cases of mistrial.

The defendant usually has the right to one appeal within a certain period of time. An appeal is filed with the appellate court, there are briefs, oral arguments, and then a decision.

The judgment is enforced by first obtaining an execution that freezes the defendant’s assets. The defendant is served and the assets are levied. The defendant, however, may choose to file for bankruptcy protection, in which case all creditors are stopped, including court judgments.

Remedies.

There are two types of remedies: legal and equitable. Legal remedies are money-based and seek to financially compensate one for the damage that has occurred. Equitable remedies require a specific performance. Examples of equitable remedies are injunctions, restitution and reformation. In cases when damages are difficult to quantify, equitable remedies may be more appropriate.

Source: www.quickmba.com

Essential Vocabulary

1. business law – право, регулирующее область деловых отношений

2. law of contract – договорное право; договорно-обязательственное право

3. civil law – римское право; внутригосударственное право (в отличие от международного права); гражданское право; позитивное право (в отличие от естественного права)

4. statute (statutory) law – статутное право; право, выраженное в законодательных актах

5. common law – общее право; англо-саксонское право

6. legal personality – правосубъектность

7. sue v – преследовать по суду; предъявлять иск или обвинение

8. tort n – деликт, гражданское правонарушение

tortious a – деликтный

9. estate n — имущество, собственность; вещно-правовой титул; сословие

10. fraud n – обман, мошенничество

fraudulent a – обманный, мошеннический

11. remedy n – средство судебной защиты

12. carriage n – перевозка; проведение, принятие голосованием

carrier n – перевозчик, фрахтовщик

13. bill of lading – коносамент

14. constitutional law – конституционное право, государственное право; конституционный закон, основной закон

15. statute n – статут (международный коллективный акт конституционного характера; закон, законодательный акт; устав)

statutory a – действующий в силу закона, основанный на законе, предусмотренный законом, статутный, законный

16. ordinance n – указ, декрет

17. precedence n – старшинство, ранг, приоритет, прецедент

precedent n – прецедент

18. judge n — судья

19. administrative law – административное право

20. labour law – трудовое право

21. employment law – трудовое право

22. Supreme Court – Верховный суд

23. Appellate (Appeal(s)) Court – апелляционный суд

24. Trial Court – суд первой инстанции

25. plea n – заявление оснований иска или обвинения или оснований защиты против иска или обвинения; аргумент; заявление, сделанное ответчиком или защитой или от имени ответчика или защиты; извинение, оправдание; иск

26. commonwealth court – суд штата (в США)

27. substantive law – материальное право

28. procedural law – процессуальное право

29. legislature n – законодательная власть, законодательный орган

30. criminal law – уголовное право

31. subject matter jurisdiction – предметная подсудность

32. personal jurisdiction – персональная юрисдикция

33. federal question jurisdiction – федеральная юрисдикция; практика федеральных судов (амер.)

34. offense n – посягательство; правонарушение; преступление

offender n – правонарушитель, преступник

offend v – оскорблять; нарушать, посягать

35. plaintiff n – истец