Английский язык. Практический курс для решения бизнес-задач
Шрифт:
36. attorney n – атторней, уполномоченный, доверенный; поверенный, юрист, адвокат; прокурор
37. suit n – иск, преследование по суду, судебное дело, судебный процесс, судопроизводство
38. miscellaneous a – разнообразный, сборный
39. In personam – в отношении конкретного лица; носящий обязательственный характер (лат.)
40. In Rem – в отношении самой вещи; вещный, абсолютный (лат.)
41. consent n – совпадение воль, согласие
consent v –
42. lawsuit n – судебное дело, иск, тяжба, правовой спор, судебное разбирательство, судебный процесс
43. defendant n – ответчик; обвиняемый; подсудимый
defense n – оборона; защита; обстоятельство, освобождающее от ответственности
defend v – обороняться, защищаться; защищать на суде, выступать защитником; возражать; запрещать
44. counterclaim n – встречное требование, встречный иск
45. motion n – предложение; ходатайство (в суде)
46. judgment n – судебное решение, приговор; суждение, мнение, оценка
47. discovery n – открытие; раскрытие, представление сведений, документов; обнаружение (нового факта, преступления)
48. deposition n – письменное показание под присягой; приобщение к материалам дела; приобщенное к материалам дела доказательство; низложение, свержение
49. pre-trial a – досудебный
50. post-judgment a – послесудебный
51. mistrial n – неправильное судебное разбирательство
52. brief n – (зд.) сводка, резюме; краткое письменное изложение дела; записка по делу, представляемая адвокатом в апелляционный суд
brief v – составлять сводку, резюмировать; поручать ведение дела адвокату; давать инструкции адвокату
53. freeze v – замораживать, блокировать, устанавливать контроль, вводить запрет
54. equitable а – справедливый; основанный на праве справедливости, регулируемый правом справедливости
55. injunction n – судебный запрет; запретительная норма
56. restitution n – восстановление первоначального положения
57. reformation n – внесение исправления
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.
1. What does business law regulate? 2. What are the two key areas of business law? 3. What are the fundamental legal concepts that underlie the company law? 4. What are the most common forms of legal business entities? 5. What are the key ideas of rules regulating bankruptcy? 6. What are the specifics of contracts and contractual relations? 7. What new aspects of business law are developing now? 8. What are the sources of law in the United States? 9. What are the specifics of vertical and horizontal dimensions of sources of law? 10. How is the U.S. law classified? 11. What are the different jurisdictions that exist in the U.S.? 12. How does a lawsuit normally evolve?
Exercise 2*. Which of the following statements are not correct and why?
1. In civil law countries, company law consists of statute law; in common law countries it consists partly of the ordinary rules of common law and equity and partly statute law. 2. Nearly all statutory rules are intended to protect either borrowers or taxpayers. 3. An agent is a person who is employed to bring his principal into contractual relations with third parties. 4. There are two principles that emerge in bankruptcy proceedings: to free the debtor from his debts, and to enquire into the reasons for his insolvency. 5. A contract is a legally binding agreement made by two or more persons, enforceable by the courts. 6. Business law, on national and international levels, is continually evolving with new areas of law developing in relation to consumer protection, competition, and computers. 7. Administrative law is made by local authorities that define the intent of the legislative body that passed the law. 8. In the United States, federal authority covers business association, contracts, and trade secrets. 9. In order for a court to have jurisdiction, it must have both subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction.
Exercise 3*. Find terms in the text that match definitions given below and make sentences of your own with each term.
1. That division of law of a particular state, city, or country dealing with the interpretation and preservation of private and civil rights: the system of jurisprudence which juridical principles have been derived from the Roman Law and which forms the basis of the law of European countries.
2. A wrong, other than a breach of contract, such as the law requires compensation for in damages.
3. Deceit or trickery deliberately practiced in order to gain some advantage dishonestly.
4. The legal means of enforcing a right, or preventing or redressing a wrong.
5. A public officer authorized to hear and determine causes in a court of law.
6. The answer of a defendant to the plaintiff’s declaration; an answer admitting the truth of the charges, but expressing special reasons or evidence for having the case dismissed or delayed.
7. A legal agent who represents a client in legal affairs.
8. An action or a prosecution of a claim in a court of justice.
9. To prohibit the liquidation, collection, or use of assets, loans, or funds by law.
Exercise 4*. Fill in the blanks using terms given below.
Choosing your Business Structure
One of the first decisions that you will have to make as a business ….. is how the company should be structured. This decision will have long-term implications, so consult with an accountant and …… to help you select the form of ownership that is right for you. In making a choice, you will want to take into account the following:
Your ……. regarding the size and nature of your business.
The level of ……. you wish to have.
The level of ……. you are willing to deal with.
The business' vulnerability to ………
……. implications of the different ownership structures.
Expected profit (or ……) of the business.
Whether or not you need to ……. earnings into the business.
Your need for access to ……. out of the business for yourself.
Sole Proprietorships