Секреты лаборатории питания. Наука похудения, мифы о силе воли и пользе диет
Шрифт:
3. T. Bouchard et al., “Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart”, Science 250, no. 4978 (October 12, 1990): 223-28, doi: 10.1126/science.2218526.
4. Существует множество исследований массы тела близнецов, но классическим стало это: Albert J. Stunkard et al., “The Bodymass
Index of Twins Who Have Been Reared Apart”, New England Journal of Medicine 322 (1990): 1483-87.
5. Karri Silventoinen et al., “Heritability of Adult Body Height: A Comparative Study of Twin Cohorts in Eight Countries”, Twin Research: The Ojficial Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies 6, no. 5 (October 2003): 399-408, doi: 10.1375/136905203770326402.
6. Krista Casazza et al., “Myths, Presumptions, and Facts about Obesity”, New England Journal of Medicine 368, no. 5 (January 30, 2013): 446-54. doi:10.1056/NEJMsal208051.
7. Работа, в которой ученый лично обобщил результаты собственных исследований: Е. A. Sims, “Experimental Obesity, Dietary-Induced Thermogenesis, and Their Clinical Implications”, Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism 5, no. 2 (July 1976): 377-95. Замечательное реферирование аналогичных исследований можно найти в работе: Gina Kolata, “Rethinking Thin: The New Science of Weight Loss — and the Myths and Realities of Dieting” (New York: Picador, 2008).
8. Sims, “Experimental Obesity, Dietary-Induced Thermogenesis, and Their Clinical Implications”.
9. Claude Bouchard et al., “The Response to Long-Term Overfeeding in Identical Twins”, New England Journal of Medicine 322, no. 21 (May 24, 1990): 1477-82, doi:10.1056/NEJM199005243222101. См. также: A. Tremblay et al., “Overfeeding and Energy Expenditure in Humans”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): 857-62.
10. Такой результат получился не потому, что разные пары близнецов выполняли неодинаковое количество упражнений. В ходе других экспериментов число упражнений было постоянным, однако в результате потребления одного и того же количества дополнительных килокалорий испытуемые набрали разное количество килограммов. James A. Levine, Norman L. Eberhardt, and Michael D.
Jensen, “Role of Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis in Resistance to Fat Gain in Humans”, Science 283, no. 5399 (January 8,1999): 212-14, doi: 10.1126/science.283.5399.212.
11. См. хороший реферат Jeffrey M. Friedman, “A War on Obesity, Not the Obese”, Science 299, no. 5608 (February 7, 2003): 856-58, doi: 10.1126/science. 1079856.
12. Eric Stice, Kyle Burger, and Sonja Yokum, “Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods”, Neuroimage 67 (2013): 322-30.
13. Kathleen A. Page et al., “Circulating Glucose Levels Modulate Neural Control of Desire for High-Calorie Foods in Humans”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 121, no. 10 (October 3, 2011): 4161-69, doi: 10.1172/ JCI57873.
14. Stice, Burger, and Yokum, “Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods”.
15. Jules Hirsch, “Obesity: Matter over Mind”, Cerebrum 5, no. 1 (2003): 7-18.
16. Erin E. Kershaw and Jeffrey S. Flier, “Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ”, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89, no. 6 (June 2004): 2548-56, doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0395.
17. Priya Sumithran et al., “Long-Term Persistence of Hormonal Adaptations to Weight Loss”, New England Journal of Medicine 365, no. 17 (October 27, 2011): 1597-1604, doi:10.1056/NEJMoall05816.
18.
Там же.19. P. A. Tataranni and E. Ravussin, “Energy Metabolism and Obesity”, in “Handbook of Obesity Treatment”, ed. T. A. Wadden and A. J. Stunkard (New York: Guilford Press, 2004), 42-72.
20. A. G. Dulloo and L. Girardier, “Adaptive Changes in Energy Expenditure during Refeeding Following Low-Calorie Intake: Evidence for a Specific Metabolic Component Favoring Fat Storage”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 415-20.
21. Rudolph L. Leibel and Jules Hirsch, “Diminished Energy Requirements in Reduced-Obese Patients”, Metabolism 33, no. 2 (February 1984): 164-70, doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(84)90130-6. См. также: R. L. Leibel, M. Rosenbaum, and J. Hirsch, “Changes in Energy Expenditure Resulting from Altered Body Weight”, New England Journal of Medicine 332, no. 10 (March 9, 1995).
22. Leibel and Hirsch, “Diminished Energy Requirements in Reduced-Obese Patients”.
23. Ancel Keys et al., “The Biology of Human Starvation”, vols. 1 and 2 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950).
24. Там же.
25. Этим коллегой был Эндрю Уорд.
26. Т. Mann and A. Ward, “Forbidden Fruit: Does Thinking about a Prohibited Food Lead to Its Consumption?”, International Journal of Eating Disorders 29, no. 3 (April 2001): 319-27; в дополнение к этому: эксперименты с участием детей показали, что юные испытуемые едят запретный продукт в течение лишь первых пяти минут. Esther Jansen et al., “From the Garden of Eden to the Land of Plenty”, Appetite 51, no. 3 (2008): 570-75.
27. Shelley Taylor, “Health Psychology”, 8th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011).
28. Все, что я рассказываю о стрессе в этом и следующем абзацах, подробнее описывается в замечательной книге: Robert Sapolsky, “Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers”, 3rd ed. (New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2004).
29. Pamela M. Peeke and George P. Chrousos, “Hypercortisolism and Obesity”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 771, no. 1 (December 1, 1995): 665-76, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995. tb44719.x; P. Bjorntorp, “Do Stress Reactions Cause Abdominal Obesity and Comorbidities?”, Obesity Reviews 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 73-86, doi:10.1046/j.l467-789x. 2001.00027.x.
30. C. Greeno and R. Wing, “Stress-Induced Eating”, Psychological Bulletin 115 (1994): 444.
31. Stephanie M. Greer, Andrea N. Goldstein, and Matthew P. Walker, “The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Food Desire in the Human Brain”, Nature Communications 4 (August 6, 2013): 2259, doi: 10.1038/ ncomms3259.
32. Rachel R. Markwald et al., “Impact of Insufficient Sleep on Total Daily Energy Expenditure, Food Intake, and Weight Gain”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 14 (April 2, 2013): 5695-5700, doi:10.1073/pnas.l216951110.