Секреты лаборатории питания. Наука похудения, мифы о силе воли и пользе диет

45. Wadden et al., “Dieting and the Development of Eating Disorders in Obese Women”.

46. Donald A. Williamson et al., “Is Caloric Restriction Associated with Development of Eating-Disorder Symptoms? Results from the CALERIE

Trial”, Health Psychology 27, no. 1 Suppl. (January 2008): S32-42, doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.1. S32.

47. Stice, Burger, and Yokum, “Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods”.

48. Gene-Jack Wang et al., “Regional Brain Metabolic Activation during Craving Elicited by Recall of Previous Drug Experiences”, Life Sciences 64, no. 9 (1999): 775-84.

49. A. E. Field et al., “Weight Cycling, Weight Gain, and Risk of Hypertension in Women”, American Journal of Epidemiology 150, no. 6 (1999): 573-79.

50. Richard L. Atkinson, “Weight Cycling”, JAMA 272, no. 15 (October 19, 1994): 1196, doi:10.1001/jama.l994.03520150064038.

51. Mette K. Simonsen et al., “Intentional Weight Loss and Mortality among Initially Healthy Men and Women”, Nutrition Reviews 66, no. 7 (July 2008): 375-86, doi:10.1111/j.l753-4887.2008.00047.x; M. E. Perez Morales, A. Jimenez Cruz, and M. Bacardi Gascon, “The Effect of Weight Loss on Mortality: A Systematic Review from 2000 to 2009”, Nutriciyn Hospitalaria 25, no. 5 (2010): 718-24, doi:S0212-1611201 0000500006 [pii].

52. M. Harrington, S. Gibson, and R. C. Cottrell, “A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Weight Loss on All-Cause Mortality Risk”, Nutrition Research Reviews 22, no. 1 (2009): 93-108, doi: 10.1017/ S0954422409990035; Victoria L. Stevens et al., “Weight Cycling and Mortality in a Large Prospective US Study”, American Journal of Epidemiology 175, no. 8 (April 15, 2012): 785-92, doi:10.1093/aje/ kwr378.

53. Kelly D. Brownell and Judith Rodin, “Medical, Metabolic, and Psychological Effects of Weight Cycling”, Archives of Internal Medicine 154, no. 12 (1994) : 1325; Reubin Andres, “Long-Term Effects of Change in Body Weight on All-Cause Mortality: A Review”, Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 7, Part 2 (October 1,1993): 737, doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-119-7_Part_2-199310011-00022; Perez Morales, Jimenez Cruz, and Bacardi Gascon, “The Effect of Weight Loss on Mortality: A Systematic Review from 2000 to 2009”; Simonsen et al., “Intentional Weight Loss and Mortality among Initially Healthy Men and Women”.

54. Поскольку только 6% населения болеет ожирением третьей степени и выше, у большинства респондентов диагностировалось, вероятно, ожирение первой и второй степени. Совсем необязательно, что на более запущенных стадиях ожирения стабильное значение массы тела не опасно для здоровья. Peter Rzehak et al., “Weight Change, Weight Cycling and Mortality in the ERFORT Male Cohort Study”, European Journal of Epidemiology 22, no. 10 (January 2007): 665-73, doi:10.1007/sl0654-007-9167-5.

55. Elizabeth Abbess, “Cabbage Soup Diet: What You Need to Know”, Discovery Fit and Health, 2013,wellness/diet-fitness/diets/cabbage-soup-diet2.htm.

56. “Xenical Orlistat: Information for Consumers,” 2013,xenical.com/xenical/default.do.

ГЛАВА 5. ОЖИРЕНИЕ HE СМЕРТНЫЙ ПРИГОВОР

1. Danielle Dellorto, “Obesity Bigger Health Crisis Than Hunger”, CNN. com, 2012, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/13/health/global-burden-report/.

2. Nanci Hellmich, “Obesity on Track as No. 1 Killer”, USAToday.com, March 9, 2004, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2004-03-09-obesity_x.htm.

3. Nanci Hellmich, “Obesity Threatens Life Expectancy”, USAToday.com, 2005, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-03-16-obesity-lifespan_x.htm.

4. National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2013: With Special Feature on Prescription Drugs (Hyattsville, MD, 2014), табл. 69.

5. S. Jay Olshansky et al., “A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century'’, New England Journal of Medicine 352, no. 11 (March 17, 2005): 1138-45, doi:10.1056/NEJMsr043743.

6. N. Christenfeld, D. P. Phillips, and L. M. Glynn, “What’s in a Name: Mortality and the Power of Symbols”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 47, no. 3 (September 1999): 241-54.

7. Katherine M. Flegal et al., “Association of All-Cause Mortality with Overweight and Obesity Using Standard Body Mass Index Categories: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, JAMA 309, no. 1 (January 2, 2013): 71-82, doi:10.1001/jama.2012.113905.

8. Это формальное соотношение рисков.

9. Когда в этом абзаце я говорю о том, что отношение равнялось единице, я имею в виду, что 95%-ный доверительный интервал включал в себя единицу. Аналогичным образом «отношение больше единицы» означает, что нижняя граница 95%-ного доверительного интервала больше единицы. 140 — это количество исследований, отобранных Флегал из 97 разных источников, а не число самих источников.

10. Здесь вычисляется относительный риск развития рака легких у мужчин, которые выкуривают полпачки или пачку сигарет в день, по сравнению с теми, кто никогда не курил. Neal D. Freedman et al., “Cigarette Smoking and Subsequent Risk of Lung Cancer in Men and Women: Analysis of a Prospective Cohort Study”, Lancet Oncology 9, no. 7 (2008): 649-56.

11. Katherine M. Flegal et al., “Prevalence of Obesity and Trends in the Distribution of Body Mass Index among US Adults, 1999-2010”, JAMA 307, no. 5 (February 1, 2012): 491-97, doi:10.1001/jama.2012.39.

12. К. M. Flegal et al., “Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity”, JAMA 293, no. 15 (2005): 1861-67, doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1861.

13. Daphne P. Guh et al., “The Incidence of Co-Morbidities Related to Obesity and Overweight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, BMC Public Health 9 (January 2009): 88, doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-88.

14. National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2013: With Special Feature on Prescription Drugs (Hyattsville, MD, 2014), график 46.

15. National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2013: With Special Feature on Prescription Drugs, график 44.

16. Carl J. Lavie, Richard V. Milani, and Hector O. Ventura, “Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss”, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53, no. 21 (May 26, 2009): 1925-32, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.068.