Восхождение денег
Шрифт:
69 Rafael Di Telia, Sebastian Galiani and Ernesto Schargrodsky, ‘The Formation of Beliefs: Evidence from the Allocation of Land Titles to Squatters’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122,1 (February 2007). Pp. 209–241.
70 The Mystery of Capital Deepens’, The Economist, 26.8.2006.
71 Cm.: John Gravois, ‘The De Soto Delusion’, Slate, 29.1.2005: http: //state, msn. com/id/2112/ 92/
72 Вся прибыль банка переводится в Фонд реабилитации, созданный для борьбы с чрезвычайными ситуациями, – благодаря этому Grameen избавляется от налога на
73 Connie Black, ‘Millions for Millions’, New Yorker, 30.10.2006. Pp. 62–73.
74 Shiller, ‘Recent Trends in House Prices’.
75 Edward L. Glaeser and Joseph Gyourko, ‘Housing Dynamics’, NBER Working Paper 12787 (обновленная версия, 31.3.2007).
76 Robert J. Shiller, The New Financial Order: Risk in the 21st Century (Princeton, 2003).
VI. От империи к Кимерике
i Dominic Wilson and Roopa Purushothaman, ‘Dreaming with the BRICs: The Path to 2050’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper, 99 (1.10.2003). См. также: Jim O’Neill, ‘Building Better Global Economic BRICs’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper, 66 (30.11.2001); Jim O’Neill, Dominic Wilson, Roopa Purushothaman and Anna Stupnytska, ‘How Solid are the BRICs?’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper, 134 (1.12.2005).
2 Dominic Wilson and Anna Stupnytska, ‘The N-n: More than an Acronym’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper, 153 (28.3.2007).
3 Goldman Sachs Global Economics Group, BRICs and Beyond (London, 2007), особенно стр. 45–72, 103–108.
4 Этот аргумент приводится Кеннетом Померанцем, см.: Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton/Oxford, 2000). Некоторые ученые оценивают положение Китая в 1700 году более сдержанно, см. например: Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris, 2001).
5 Подсчитано на основе оценок валового внутреннего продукта на душу населения, см.: Maddison, World Economy, table В-21.
6 Pomeranz, Great Divergence.
7 Наиболее важные из недавних работ на эту тему: Eric Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge, 1981); David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York, 1998); Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, 2002); Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, 2007).
8 William N. Goetzmann, ‘Fibonacci and the Financial Revolution’, NBER Working Paper 10352 (March 2004).
9 William N. Goetzmann, Andrey D. Ukhov and Ning Zhu, ‘China and the World Financial Markets, 1870–1930: Modern Lessons from Historical Globalization’, Economic History Review (forthcoming).
10 Nicholas Crafts, ‘Globalisation and Growth in the Twentieth Century’, International Monetary Fund Working Paper, 00/44 (март 2000). См. также: Richard E. Baldwin and Philippe Martin, ‘Two Waves of Globalization: Superficial Similarities, Fundamental Differences’, NBER Working Paper 6904 (January 1999).
11 Barry R. Chiswick and Timothy J. Hatton, ‘International Migration and the Integration of Labor Markets’, in Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor and Jeffrey G. Williamson (eds.), Globalization in Historical Perspective (Chicago, 2003). Pp. 65-120.
12 Maurice Obstfeld and Alan M. Taylor, ‘Globalization and Capital Markets’, in Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor and Jeffrey G.
Williamson (eds.), Globalization in Historical Perspective (Chicago, 2003). P. i/3ff.
13 Clark, Farewell, chs. 13, 14.
14 David M. Rowe, ‘The Tragedy of Liberalism: How Globalization Caused the First World War’, Security Studies, 14, 3 (Spring 2005). Pp. 1-41.
15
См., к примеру: Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York, 2008) и Parag Khanna, The Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order (London, 2008).16 Jim Rogers, A Bull in China: Investing Profitably in the World's Greatest Market (New York, 2007).
17 Robert Blake, Jardine Matheson: Traders of the Far East (London, 1999). P. 91. См. также: Alain Le Pichon, China Trade and Empire: Jardine, Matheson & Co. and the Origins of British Rule in Hong Kong, 1827-184} (Oxford/New York, 2006).
18 Rothschild Archive London, RFamFD/i3A/i; 13B/1; 13C/1; 13D/1; 13D/2; 13/E.
19 Henry Lowenfeld, Investment: An Exact Science (London, 1909). P. 61.
20 John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919), ch. 1.
21 Maddison, World Economy, table 2-26a.
22 Lance E. Davis and R. A. Huttenback, Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire: The Political Economy of British Imperialism, 1860–1912 (Cambridge, 1988). P. 46.
23 Ranald Michie, ‘Reversal or Change? The Global Securities Market in the 20th Century’, New Global Studies (forthcoming).
24 Obstfeld and Taylor, ‘Globalization’; Niall Ferguson and Moritz Schularick, ‘The Empire Effect: The Determinants of Country Risk in the First Age of Globalization, 1880–1913 \ Journal of Economic History, 66, 2 (June 2006). Но обратите внимание и на работу: Michael А. Clemens and Jeffrey Williamson, ‘Wealth Bias in the First Global Capital Market Boom, 1870–1913’, Economic Journal, 114, 2 (2004). Pp. 304–337.
25 Классический труд: Michael Edelstein, Overseas Investment in the Age of High Imperialism: The United Kingdom, 1850–1914 (New York, 1982).
26 Michael Edelstein, ‘Imperialism: Cost and Benefit’, in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey (eds.), The Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. II (2nd edn., Cambridge, 1994). Pp. 173–216.
27 John Maynard Keynes, ‘Foreign Investment and National Advantage’, in Donald Moggridge (ed.), The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. XIX (London, 1981). Pp. 275–284.
28 Idem, Advice to Trustee Investors’. Pp. 202–206.
29 Подсчитано на основе данных в Irving Stone, The Global Export of Capital from Great Britain, 1865–1914 (London, 1999).
30 Весьма полезный фондовый индекс для шанхайской биржи с 1870 по 1940 год содержится на сайте http://icfsom.yale.edu/sse/
31 Michael Bordo and Hugh Rockoff, ‘The Gold Standard as a “Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval’”, Journal of Economic History, 56, 2 (June 1996). Pp. 389–428.