Wiki-правительство: Как технологии могут сделать власть лучше, демократию – сильнее, а граждан – влиятельнее

88. Philips v. AWH Corp., 376 F. 3d 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2004).

89. Carlos Gutierrez, letter to Patrick Leahy, April 3, 2008 (www.ogc.doc.gov/ogc/legreg/letters/110/S1145Apr0308.pdf [October 2008]).

90. Method of swinging on a swing, U. S. Patent 6368227 (April 9, 2002); reexamination, C. N. 90006289, Cl. 472/118 (May 21, 2002).

91. Adam Jaffe and Josh Lerner, Innovation and Its Discontents: How Our Broken Patent System Is Endangering Innovation and Progress, and What to Do about It (Princeton University Press, 2004), p. 22.

92. Dan Cooperman, “The Patent System and the Future of Innovation,” speech, Legal Futures Conference, Stanford Law School, March 8, 2008 (www.law.stanford.edu/display/images/dynamic/events_media/20080308_CIS_Legal-Futures_190–3.qtl [December 2008]).

93. Brad Smith, “Microsoft Calls for Reforms to the U. S. Patent System,” March 10, 2005 (www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/2005/mar05/03-10patentreform.mspx).

94. Theodore Eisenberg and Margo Schlanger, “The Reliability of the Administrative Office of the U. S. Courts Database: An Initial Empirical Analysis,” Notre Dame Law Review 78 (October 2003) (papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=413181 [October 2008]).

95. PricewaterhouseCoopers, “2008 Patent Litigation Study: Damages, Awards, Success Rates, and Time to Trial” (www.pwc.com/extweb/pwcpublications.nsf [October 2008]).

96. Jason Schlosser, “Judge Slashes $307 Million Patent Verdict for Rambus,” August 14, 2006 (news.lp.findlaw.com/andrerws/bt [October 2008]).

97. TiVO Inc. v. EchoStar, 516 F. 3d 1290 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

98. Julie Creswell, “So Small a Town, So Many Patent Suits,” New York Times, September 24, 2006, p. 2 (citing LegalMetric, “National Litigation Report”).

99. AIPLA, “Report of the Economic Survey, 2007” (www.aipla.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Professional_Development/Law_Practice.htm [October 2008]).

100. Ibid.

101. George S. Ford, Thomas M. Koutsky, and Lawrence J. Spiwak, “Quantifying the Cost of Substandard Patents: Some Preliminary Evidence,” Policy Paper 30 (Washington: Phoenix Center).

102. Manny W. Schecter, “Prior Art: Open Collaboration Is Medicine for Our Ailing Patent System,” BNA, Patent, Trademark, and Copyright Journal 72 (October 20, 2006): 682–685; quotation, 684.

103. Bessen and Meurer, Patent Failure, p. 8.

104. U. S. Patent 6058417 (information presentation and management in an online trading environment), filed October 23, 1998; granted May 2, 2000.

105. Professional Inventors Alliance, “Save the Patent,” April 7, 2008 (www.docs.piausa.org/PIAUSA/08-04-07-PIAUSA-NYT [October 2008]).

106. Ryan Thomas Grace, “Method and instrument for proposing marriage to an individual,” U. S. Patent Application 10/378423 (filed March 3, 2003).

107. Bessen and Meurer, Patent Failure, p. 8.

Глава 4

1. Martha Lagace, “John Seely Brown Piece – Screen Language: The New Currency for Learning,” Harvard Business School, Working Knowledge: A First Look at Faculty Research, May 13, 2002 (hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/2930.html [October 2008]).

2. Более широкое обсуждение физического состояния и культуры см.: Beth Simone Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups,” First Monday 10 (December 2005) (www.firstmonday.org/issues/ issues10_11/noveck/ [December 2008]).

3. Мне нравятся метафоры, поэтому я назвала свой блог «Пирамида из камней» и в нем объясняю эту метофору (cairns.typepad.com/about.html [October 2008]). См. также: “The Deliberative Interface,” July 3, 2005 [October 2008]).

4. Steven R. Pearson and others, “Method for providing recovery from a failure in a system utilizing distributed audit,” U. S. Patent 5832203, November 3, 1998.

5. U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Applicant’s Consent to Third-Party Comments in Published Applications and Consent to Pilot Participation” (www.uspto.gov/web/patents/peerpriorartpilot [October 2008]). В соответствии с правилами USPTO заявки в Peer-to-Patent размещаются за четыре месяца. Поскольку заявитель должен за 30 дней дать согласие на публикацию, нередко заявка остается на сайте в течение трех месяцев вместо четырех.

6. “Peer-to-Patent First Anniversary Report” (early data about the project); “The Peer to Patent Project: Community Patent Review” (further information and updates) [October 2008]).

7. Paul Broyles and Patrick Gibbons, “User-selectable, management-alertformat,” U. S. Patent 20070118658, May 24, 2007.

8. В конце первого года пилотного фазы проекта Национальный научный фонд вручил Peer-to-Patent грант на изучение влияния тегирования на участие граждан.

9. Древовидная схема была разработана Human-Computer Interaction Lab Университета Мэриленда (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap [October 2008]). См. также: Ben Shneiderman, “Treemaps for Space-Constrained Visualization of Hierarchies” (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap-history/index.shtml [October 2008]).

10. См.:(October 2008).

11. “Third-Party Submission in Published Application,” 37 Code of Federal Regulations 1.99 (September 20, 2000).

12. “Image file wrapper,” U. S. Patent 20070118658 [October 2008]).

13. Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar (Cambridge, Mass.: O’Reilly, 2001), p. 30.

14. Бэйленсон – основатель Virtual Human Interaction Lab [October 2008]). Его работы можно найти на том же сайте [October 2008]).

15. Aaron Britt, “On Language: Avatar,” New York Times, August 10, 2008, p. MM12.

16. Jeremy N. Bailenson and others, “Facial Similarity between Voters and Candidates Causes Social Influence,” Public Opinion Quarterly (2008) [October 2008]).

17. Joan Morris DiMicco, “Changing Small Group Interaction through Visual Reflections of Social Behavior,” Ph. D. dissertation, MIT, 2005; Joan DiMicco and Walter Bender, “Group Reactions to Visual Feedback Tools,” paper prepared for the Second International Conference on Persuasive Technology, April 26–27, 2007, Stanford. Ее работы см.: www.joandimicco.com (October 2008).

18. DiMicco, “Changing Small Group Interaction,” p. 15.

19. WNYC, Brian Lehrer Show, “30 Issues in 30 Days” (www.wnyc.org/30issues [October 2008]). Использовались инструменты wiki, темы были определены заранее, голосование шло по результатам обсуждения в эфире. Проект был реализован в октябре 2008 г.

20. Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups.”

21. Steven Weber, The Success of Open Source (Harvard University Press, 2004).

22. Noah D. Zatz, “Sidewalks in Cyberspace: Making Space for Public Forums in the Electronic Environment,” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 12 (1998): 149.