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24. "A City Night-piece in Winter," Walker’s Hibernian Magazine 9 (1779), 272; OBP, Apr. 28,1731,16–17; "The Watchman's Description of Covent Garden at Two o'clock in the Morning," Weekly Amusement (London), May 5,1764.
25. "X.Y.," LM, Jan. 26,1773; Graham Greene, Lord Rochester’s Monkey, Being the Life of John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester (London, 1974), 106; Oct. 23, 26, 1668, Feb. 3, 1664, Pepys, Diary, DC, 335–336, 338–339, V, 37; "The Connoisseur," HMM and GA, Mar. 18, 1755; Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, 250, 254–255; Jeunes Grantham Turner, Libertines and Radicals in Early Modern London: Sexuality, Politics, and Literary Culture, 1630–1685 (Cambridge, 2002), 226–227.
26. Harold Love, ed., The Works of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester (Oxford, 1999), 45; Guy Chapman, ed., The Travel-Diaries of William Beckford of Fonthill (Cambridge, 1928), II, 55; Robert Shoemaker, "Male Honour and the Decline of Public Violence in Eighteenth-Century London," SH 26 (2001), 200; Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, 249; Barker-Benfield, Sensibility, 47; May 3, 1709, Cowper, Diary; Julius R. Ruff, Crime, Justice and Public Order in Old Regime France: The S'en'echauss'ees of Liboume and Bazas, 1696–1789 (London, 1984), 91.
27. Thornton Shirley Graves, "Some Pre-Mohock Clansmen," Studies in Philology 20 (1923), 395–421; Grose, Dictionary; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 463; Helen Langdon, Caravaggio: A Life (New York, 1999), 133,312–314.
28. Graves, "Pre-Mohock Clansmen," 399,395–421, passim; Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, 249; May 30, 1668, Pepys, Diary, IX, 218–219; The Town-Rakes: or, the Frolicks of the Mohocks or Hawkubites (London, 1712); Swift, Journal, II, 524–525, 508–515, passim; Mar. 20,1712, Cowper, Diary; Daniel Statt, "The Case of the Mohocks: Rake Violence in Augustan London," SH 20 (1995), 179–199.
29. Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV, I, 2,137–139,159; Verdon, Night, 46; US and WJ, Apr. 11, 1730; A Pleasant and Delightful Story of King Henry the VIII, and a Cobler (n.p., [1670?]); Theophilius Cibber, The Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland (1753; rpt. edn., Hildesheim, Ger., 1968), II, 289; Roelker, ed. and trans., Paris of Henry of Navarre, 52, 47, 77; Edouard Fournier, Les Lanternes: Histoire de l'Ancien 'Eclairage de Paris (Paris, 1854), 15; Matthiessen, Natten, 134, 132; Benjamin Silliman, A Journal of Travels in England, Holland, and Scotland… (New Haven, 1820), 1,179; Frederic J. Baumgartner, France in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1995), 222.
1. Shakespeare, King John, 1,1,172.
2. Thomas Dekker, The Seven Deadly Sinnes of London, ed. H. F. B. Brett-Smith (1606; rpt. edn., New York, 1922), 31; Eric Robinson et al., eds., The Early Poems of John Clare, 1804–1822 (Oxford, 1989), II, 197; Douglas Grant, ed., The Poetical Works of Charles Churchill (Oxford, 1956), 58; E. P. Thompson, "Eighteenth-Century English Society: Class Struggle without Class?" SH 3 (1978), 158; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Eugene Rochberg-Halton, The Meaning of Things: Domestic Symbols and the Self (Cambridge, 1981), 16–52, passim.
3. May 23,1693, May 25,1686, Wood, Life, V, 423,187; E. S. De Beer, ed., Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper (London, 1864), 1,19; Legg, Low-Life, 93.
4. Franco Mormando, The Preacher's Demons: Bernardino of Sienna and the Social Underworld of Early Renaissance Italy (Chicago, 1999), 85; Nov. 27, 28,1625, [Andr'es De La Vega], Memorias de Sevilla, 1600–1678, ed. Francisco Morales Padr'on (Cordoba, 1981), 50; Thomas V. Cohen, "The Case of the Mysterious Coil of Rope: Street Life and Jewish Persona in Rome in the Middle of the Sixteenth Century," Sixteenth Century Journal 19 (1988), 209–221; Elliot Horowitz, "The Eve of the Circumcision: A Chapter in the History of Jewish Nightlife," JSH 23 (1989), 48; Anna Foa, The Jews of Europe after the Black Death, trans. Andrea Grover (Berkeley, Calif., 2000), 143.
5. MJaster] Elias Schad, "True Account of an Anabaptist Meeting at Night in a Forest and a Debate Held There with Them," Mennonite Quarterly Review 58 (1984), 292–295; E. Veryard, An Account of Divers Choice Remarks… Taken in a Journey… (London, 1701), 75; Famiano Strada, De Bello Belgio: The History of the Low-Countrey Wanes, trans. Sir Robert Stapylton (London, [1650?]), 61–62; Henry Hibbert, Syntagma Theologicum… (London, 1662), 252; Natalie Zemon Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modem France (Stanford, Calif., 1975), 214.
6. Jan. 20,1640, Joseph Alfred Bradney, ed., The Diary of Walter Powell ofLlantilo Crosseny in the County of Monmouth, Gentleman: 1603–1654 (Bristol, 1907), 25; Henry Fishwick, ed., The Note Book of the Rev. Thomas Jolly a.d. 1671–1693 (Manchester, 1894), 54, passim; David Cressy, Agnes Bowker's Cat: Travesties and Transgressions in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford, 2001), 116–137; Heywood, Diaries, I, passim.
7. F. P. Wilson, The Plague in Shakespeare's London (Oxford, 1957), 61; Giula Calvi, Histories of a Plague Year: The Social and the Imaginary in Baroque Florence, trans. Dario Biocca and Bryant T. Ragan, Jr. (Berkeley, Calif., 1989), 90–91; Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year… (1722; rpt. edn., London, 1928), 233, passim; Walter George Bell, The Great Plague in London in 1665 (1924; rpt. edn., London, 1979), 210.
8. Angeline Goreau, " 'Last Night's Rambles': Restoration Literature and the War Between the Sexes," in Alan Bold, ed., The Sexual Dimension in Literature (London, 1983), 51; OBP, Apr. 20,1726, 6; Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (New York, 1996), 151–152, 154–155; Jeffrey Merrick and Bryant T. Ragan, Jr., eds., Homosexuality in Early Modern France: A Documentary Collection (New York, 2001), 59.
9. Katherine M. Rogers, ed., Selected Poems of Anne Finch, Countess ofWinchilsea (New York, 1979), 157.
10. Paroimiographia (French), 28; Richard L. Kagan and Abigail Dyer, eds. and trans., Inquisitorial Inquiries: Brief Lives of Secret Jews and Other Heretics (Baltimore, 2004), 97.
11. Joyce M. Ellis, The Georgian Town, 1680–1840 (New York, 2001), 74; J"utte, Poverty, 52–59,146–149; Olwen H. Hufton, The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France, 1750–1789 (Oxford, 1974).